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Word classes › Measure words › Verbal measure words
番 (fān) can present an action as a round or episode, often in expressions such as 商量一番 and 思考一番. Learn its pairings and tone without treating it as a measurement of how long, difficult or successful an action must be.
View detailsWord classes › Particles › Structural particles
In phrases such as 我们所面临的挑战, 所 (suǒ) comes before the verb phrase and helps link it to the thing faced. Learn this formal 所…的 pattern alongside compact expressions such as 大家所想 and related patterns such as 有所提高.
View detailsWord classes › Particles › Other particles
In advanced Mandarin, 也好 functions as a particle placed at the end of a phrase or clause to indicate that an option is acceptable or that a main conclusion holds true regardless of which alternative occurs.
View detailsWord classes › Particles › Modal particles
啦 (la) and 嘛 (ma) shape conversational stance in spoken Mandarin. 啦 can make an announcement, response or urging more expressive; it does not always signal cheerfulness or a completed action. 嘛 can present a point as obvious or mark a topic…
View detailsMorphemes › Prefix-like elements
Learn six word-forming elements in the HSK 6 outline: 超—, 多—, 反—, 无—, 亚— and 准—. Their meanings help you interpret established words, but the whole word and context determine its grammar and sense. These characters can also have other uses …
View detailsWord classes › Prepositions › Introducing time or place
In formal and written Mandarin, the preposition 于 (yú) introduces points in time, locations, and origins both before and after the main verb.
View detailsWord classes › Prepositions › Expressing exclusion
Formal 除 (chú) can set aside an exception to a general statement. Practise the standard 除…外 / 之外 / 以外 frame and read the whole main clause to distinguish exclusion from addition. 都, 均, 还 and 也 can be clues, but no single adverb decides the …
View detailsWord classes › Prepositions › Introducing a target
In advanced Mandarin, the preposition 至于 (zhìyú) introduces a secondary object, person, or question that branches off from an already established context, comparable to 'as for' or 'when it comes to' in English.
View detailsWord classes › Prepositions › Introducing purpose or cause
因 (yīn) introduces a reason in concise formal expressions such as 因病, 因公 and 因资金不足而暂停. Compare its style and pairings with 因为 and 由于. 而 can connect the reason to a result; 故 in 因…之故 is a noun meaning “reason,” not a particle that every 因 ph…
View detailsWord classes › Pronouns › Personal pronouns
As a personal pronoun, 人家 (rénjia) is a versatile conversational word that shifts its reference depending on context. It can refer to other people in general, a specific third party already known in the conversation, or even the speaker the…
View detailsSentence types › Special sentence patterns › 把 sentences 4
The HSK 6 pattern 主语 + 把 + 宾语（施事） + 动词 + 其他成分 puts the person performing the action after 把. In 这一大堆衣服把老王洗得腰酸背痛, Lao Wang does the washing, and the clothes form the workload associated with his resulting discomfort. Distinguish this from a …
View detailsSentence types › Special sentence patterns › 把 sentences 4
At advanced levels of Chinese, the subject of a 把 (bǎ) sentence does not need to be a living person or animal. Inanimate objects, natural phenomena, events, and abstract concepts can occupy the subject position to show how a non-living forc…
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